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Reference

Image credits

All illustrations come from Wikimedia Commons and are used under free licences (public domain, CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA). Each picture is credited under the image; the full list is below.

ImageDescriptionAuthorLicenceSource
Mine rescue brigade with breathing apparatus and a training dummy, Wattstown, Wales, 1914.A. Davies / Wellcome CollectionCC BY 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Winning team of the 2016 Ontario Mine Rescue provincial competition, Canada.Frontenac303CC BY-SA 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Confined-space rescue drill inside a fuel tank: a rescuer moves a casualty through a narrow shaft. Sasebo, Japan, 2026.Kristen Yarber, U.S. NavyPublic domainWikimedia Commons
A Sapporo Fire Bureau team in protective suits and breathing apparatus checks a manhole for toxic gas with a detector. Sapporo, Japan, 2008.100yenCC BY-SA 3.0Wikimedia Commons
Rescuers in chemical protective suits and breathing apparatus carry a contaminated casualty on a stretcher during a counter-terrorism exercise rehearsal at the Korea World Trade Center. Seoul, South Korea, 2003.Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster HeadquartersCC BY-SA 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Firefighters help each other connect the lung-demand valves to their full-face masks before going in under breathing apparatus during an exercise. Feldkirchen an der Donau, Austria, 2017.Pressestelle BFK Urfahr-UmgebungCC BY 2.0Wikimedia Commons
A mine rescue team member adjusts closed-circuit oxygen breathing apparatus. Kentucky, USA, 1946.Russell Lee / U.S. National ArchivesPublic domainWikimedia Commons
A multi-gas detector lowered into a manhole checks oxygen, carbon monoxide and flammable gases before anyone enters. 2024.Alex Lowe, U.S. Air ForcePublic domainWikimedia Commons
Rescuers give first aid to a simulated casualty brought out of a confined space during an exercise. Dover, USA, 2013.Roland Balik, U.S. Air ForcePublic domainWikimedia Commons
A firefighter in a chemical protective suit and breathing apparatus is decontaminated with a water spray after a hazardous-materials exercise. Zwettl an der Rodl, Austria, 2018.Pressestelle BFK Urfahr-UmgebungCC BY-SA 2.0Wikimedia Commons
Demonstration of Dräger mine rescue apparatus in a mock mine gallery at an exhibition. Seattle, 1909.Frank H. NowellPublic domainWikimedia Commons
Breathing-apparatus exercise of the Bosch plant fire brigade in a smoke-filled building. Stuttgart, Germany, 2018.Funki87CC BY-SA 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Siebe Gorman “Proto” closed-circuit oxygen apparatus, the mine-rescue descendant of Henry Fleuss’s 1878 rebreather, in a coal-mining museum.Anthony AppleyardCC BY-SA 3.0Wikimedia Commons
A German rescuer from the Westphalian mines wearing Guglielminetti–Dräger oxygen apparatus at the Courrières mine disaster. France, March 1906.Unknown photographer (postcard, 1906)Public domainWikimedia Commons
Mine rescuers of EMERCOM of Russia adjust the masks of their closed-circuit breathing apparatus during the fire at the Listvyazhnaya coal mine. Kemerovo Region, Russia, 2021.EMERCOM of Russia, Kuzbass directorate (mchs.gov.ru)CC BY 4.0Wikimedia Commons
A firefighter in breathing apparatus crawls under obstacles during a fitness and performance test (Finnentest) at a volunteer fire station. Frankenfels, Austria, 2018.GT1976CC BY-SA 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Responders in protective suits and breathing apparatus carry a stretcher during an emergency exercise before the 2014 FIFA World Cup at the Estádio Mané Garrincha. Brasília, Brazil, 2014.Jorge Cardoso / Ministério da Defesa (Brazil)CC BY 2.0Wikimedia Commons
The Bytom team, winners of the 2014 International Mines Rescue Competition, with their closed-circuit breathing apparatus. Katowice, Poland, 2014.NosProtegatBarbaraCC BY-SA 3.0Wikimedia Commons
Dräger test bench with a headform for checking breathing-apparatus masks and sets at the Houghton-le-Spring mines rescue station. England, 2013.RobertforsytheCC BY-SA 3.0Wikimedia Commons
Warning sign at the Silbersee lake: “No walking on the ice — danger to life — water contains hydrogen sulphide”. Nuremberg, Germany, 2004.Stefan WagnerCC BY-SA 2.0 DEWikimedia Commons
Breathing-apparatus workshop of a fire and rescue centre, where masks and sets are cleaned, dried and tested after every use. Luxembourg, 2012.ChrisAWeberCC BY-SA 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Damage recorded on the day of the explosion at the AZF fertiliser plant. Toulouse, France, 21 September 2001.Ville de Toulouse / Archives de ToulouseCC BY-SA 3.0Wikimedia Commons
Dräger X-am 7000 portable multi-gas detector showing CO₂, CH₄, H₂S, CO and O₂ readings. 2009.Thiemo SchuffCC BY-SA 3.0Wikimedia Commons
Firefighters of the Souda Bay naval base practise a confined-space rescue through a manhole with a tripod and winch. Crete, Greece, 2023.Nicholas Tenorio, U.S. NavyPublic domainWikimedia Commons
A firefighter takes a break with water and a hot meal after hours on the fire line during wildfires in Ávila province, Spain.World Central KitchenCC BY 4.0Wikimedia Commons
A fire officer reports by radio during the firefighting operation at the Ostankino TV tower. Moscow, Russia, August 2000.EMERCOM of Russia (mchs.gov.ru)CC BY 4.0Wikimedia Commons
Firefighters in breathing apparatus advance into a burning basement of a residential building. Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk Region, Russia, 2010.Georg PikPublic domainWikimedia Commons
Firefighters wearing breathing apparatus pull a hose cart on a night call-out. Ayase, Tokyo, Japan, 2006.MarufishCC BY-SA 2.0Wikimedia Commons